ANALYSIS OF
OCCUPATIONAL RISKS IN THE ACTIVITIES OF CARPENTRY AND LOCKSMITHING IN PAU DOS
FERROS / RN: a case study
Helison Amadeus da Silva Costa
Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Brazil
E-mail: helisonamadeusjp@hotmail.com
Leogilton Fontes de Queiroz Filho
Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Brazil
E-mail: leofontesjp@gmail.com
Tiago Rocha Marques
Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Brazil
E-mail: tiagomarques29@hotmail.com
Adriano David Monteiro de Barros
Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Brazil
E-mail: a_david86@hotmail.com
Almir Mariano de Sousa Júnior
Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Brazil
E-mail: almir.mariano@ufersa.edu.br
Submission: 02/04/2017
Revision: 23/09/2016
Accept: 08/06/2017
ABSTRACT
Carpentry and locksmithing activities are strongly marked by the use of
old tools and unskilled workers, which contributes to the occurrence of
accidents and other occupational hazards. Through these discussions, this work
aims to analyze the environmental accident and ergonomic risks in a Carpentry
shop located in the City of Pau dos Ferros / RN. Thus, the aim was to quantify
the exposure to noise, to measure the ambient temperature and humidity values,
as well as the ambient illumination values. For this purpose, environmental
measurements were taken, as well as photographic records and interviews with
those responsible for the establishment. According to the research carried out,
it is noticed that a series of aspects contribute to the establishment studied
to present unhealthy conditions. Among the points to be cited, lighting, as
well as temperature and noise production are the most striking factors. Besides
these aspects, the disorganization is also a problematic present in this work
environment, since the waste is not properly discarded and the raw materials
are heaped amid the debris and equipment. Another point to be cited is the use
of PPE, which does not occur due to employees' refusal.
Keywords: Carpentry; Occupational risks;
Environmental measurements
1. INTRODUCTION
The activities of joinery and locksmiths
go along with humanity from its earliest days. In this way, it is relevant for
the maintenance of daily necessities, such as the manufacture of utensils and
furniture. In the course of history, it is undeniable that many factors
impacted this activity, among which the industrial revolution is the most
important factor, since many machines and equipment were included in this
production segment.
In contrast to these points, it can be
seen that the evolution occurred did not meet the evolutionary needs that this
sector possesses, considering that it is a segment strongly discriminated by
the use of tools still devoid of technologies, as well as the use of hand of
low-skilled work, which limits the expansion in relation to the other sectors. Thus, the activities
of carpentry and locksmithing, in its expressive majority is developed by
micro-enterprises, with limited resources (LIPKUS et al.,
2005; CAMPO et al., 2010; BRUTTO; REICH; ZAMBRANO, 2013; GRYTNES, 2017).
Although
all the points cited above concern mainly the economic aspects of the activity,
they negatively impact the health, well-being and safety of the workers, since
the use of outdated tools as well as the adoption of untrained employees
increases significantly the possibility of accidents occurring in the work
environment, as well as exposure to environmental and ergonomic hazards (KOHAMMADI,
et al., 2016).
Thus,
this work aims to analyze environmental risks in a carpentry shop located in
the City of Pau dos Ferros / RN. Thus, it is sought to quantify the exposure to
noise, to measure the values of temperature and ambient humidity, as well as
the values of ambient illuminance. For this, environmental measurements were
taken, as well as photographic records and interviews with those responsible
for the establishment.
2. THEORETICAL REFERENCE
2.1.
The
carpentry and its evolution
Wood was one of the first materials that man had access
to, where it was initially used in the most rudimentary way possible, due to
the lack of techniques to mold them, but with the advent of time, the
activities carried out with this material became developed and improved,
suppressing the needs of man more and more, making the work with the wood as
malleable as possible.
Over time, economic
activities around the world started to develop and the work with wood was not
different, so the use of the material generated a great demand in several
sectors ranging from the production of domestic furniture to the construction. Thus,
there was a need to create new technologies and handling techniques.
Based on Tinoco and Araújo (2007),
carpentry and locksmithing are very old trades. In addition, the authors state
that locksmithing is more specifically divided into four main areas of
activity: naval, military, civil and industrial. Given this context, we can
see that these activities evolved over time, in order to continue to meet the
demands imposed by the market.
Evolution becomes explicit in observing
the amount of tools and equipment employed, since in the early days of mankind,
even when man did not yet have adequate tools, these activities were already
practiced, since many weapons, household goods and dwellings were made of wood,
in an artisan way. But, this reality was slowly transformed until the Middle
Ages, where manufacturing still prevailed, however, the instruments and quality
of parts and services provided developed considerably.
Historically, progress has not finished at
this point, since the Industrial Revolution has automated and broadened the
horizons of industry. In this sense, the activities of joinery and locksmithing
have also progressed, reaching an industrial level, which remains directly
active in the most diverse sectors, mainly in the civil construction and
furniture production.
All this process has occurred through the
development of machines and other technologies that enable the rapid repetition
of processes, such as: cutting, finishing and assembling activities. All this has
provided what we can call production on a large scale.
In
contrast to all these aspects, it is a very restricted and underdeveloped
sector that needs technological innovations and skilled labor. According to
Rodrigues et al. (2012), in Brazil, the woodworking and locksmithing sectors
are mostly micro and small enterprises with production on demand and destined
to the local market. The authors also affirm that the professionals of the area
are not technically qualified and that commonly these companies possess
equipment and facilities that are almost always deficient and outdated.
Due
to the characteristics of this activity, the emergence of risks in the safety
and health of the worker are easily perceptible, since the use for long periods
of the machinery usually entails problems in its operation, which together with
the lack of inspection by the employer or lack of interest in replacing
machinery with compromised operation, results in dangerous situations for
workers or, in certain cases, visitors in the work environment. According to
Grytnes (2017, p. 2) "based on relatively high numbers of workplace
injuries in construction and among young workers in particular, safety
education programs have been introduced within vocational education and
training (VET)".
In
this way, it is verified that the urgencies in relation to the structural
improvement of the companies are not limited only to the physical aspects,
considering the need to train the employees and managers, that is of vital
importance for a development in the productive process allowing what improvements
can be made and thus achieve satisfactory and competitive levels of production
and quality.
2.2.
Classification
of occupational hazards
Occupational risks form a group of environmental,
ergonomic and accident hazards. In this sense, according to Peixoto and
Ferreira (2012), in industrial activities there are processes capable of
generating, in the work environment, physical substances and phenomena that,
depending on their nature, concentration or intensity, when they come in
contact with the body of Workers, can cause illness or damage to your health. In the cases of accidents and
ergonomic risks, (A, 2012) affirm that these are analyzed from the occupational
hygiene.
Workers are subject to several risks in their work
environment and thus end up being vulnerable to them, according to Santos et
al. (2012), vulnerability can be understood as a set of factors that can lead
to the development and reduction of risks That workers are exposed in all their
workplace environments, but also allows them to understand the chances of
contracting diseases, so it is extremely important to value the work
environment so that it can minimize problems with them. Figure 1 shows the
number of work accidents per month in the state of Rio Grande do Norte between
2013 and 2015.
Figure 1: Number
of work accidents in Rio Grande do Norte
Source:
DATAPREV, CAT, SUB (2015, p.147)
Due to the activities carried out, they are exposed to
risks such as: physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and accidents, when
they begin to carry out these activities in a repetitive way causes the
problems in the health of the workers, causing a poor quality in the work, in which
affects the professionals contribute to affect the activities of the companies,
with this, it is noticeable that the development of safety in the work tends to
contribute positively to the productive process of the work environment.
Occupational hazards can be divided into several
groups; physical risks are those that transmit some type of energy to workers
such as: noise, vibrations, extreme temperatures abnormal pressures among
others, as far as the chemical ones are those caused by agents which may be
absorbed by the body, skin or ingestion.
As regards the ergonomic is related to the subject and
the work, thus analyzing the posture that they are in the performance of their activities
as well as the repetition of movements in the work, the biological is
characterized by agents such as viruses, fungi, bacteria, bacilli, protozoa and
parasites; Accidents are the factors that present some danger to the workers. Thus, Table 1 presents the occupational hazards and their
main causal sources:
Table 1: Occupational Risks
|
Physical |
Chemical |
Biological |
Accidents |
Ergonomic |
|
Noise |
Dust |
Bacteria |
Inadequate physical arrangement |
Bad conditions in the work environment |
|
Vibrations |
Smoking |
Fungi |
Inadequate lighting |
Excessive weight lifting |
|
Extreme temperatures |
Mists |
Protozoa |
Electricity |
Monotony |
|
Abnormal pressures |
Mists |
Bacillus |
Machines and equipment without
protection |
Repeatability |
|
Humidity |
|
Virus |
Slippery floor |
Inadequate postures |
|
Radiation |
|
|
Fires |
Stress |
Source:
Peixoto and Ferreira (2012). Adapted.
2.3.
Classification
of occupational hazards
Based on Souza (2004), carpentry and locksmiths activities
present risks to the health of the worker, notwithstanding their experience.
Risks are common in industries of the same business sector, then the proportion
that occurs in the mentioned activities is much more characteristic, since the
realizations of specific operations present in the production process of this
activity create situations of high risk. These situations arise from the lack of knowledge of norms
and work techniques, in which professionals in the field are
"educated" by the practice.
When comparing results obtained from carpentries with standards
that concern occupational risks in this work environment, it is well known that
in most cases there are a large number of irregularities that can put the
worker at risk. The lack of information that workers and entrepreneurs have,
the urgency to increase productivity, the reduction of costs and the immediate
and continuous changes in the Legislation as the main causes of the lack of
conformity to the standards (SILVA, 1999)
Because it is a considerably
underdeveloped sector, the activities encompassing the joinery and locksmiths
provide a series of occupational hazards to workers working in the area. Therefore,
the Ministry of Labor and Employment (2008) states that the sub-activities
related to joinery and locksmithing have high accident rates, and there is an
annual percentage increase of approximately 20%.
In this sense, Hegedus et al. (2011)
states that accidents that lead to amputation of limbs such as fingers, arms
and hands occur mainly due to the use of cutting machines and that in 2001, the
segments of sawmills and joinery were responsible for 15% of all cases of
amputations in work environments.
In addition to accidents, there are other
risks that are also very present, among which it is possible to mention
ergonomic risks, since (B, 2012) point out repetitive activities as the main
cause of occupational diseases. According to the authors, the finishing of
parts, which comprises surface sandpaper and paint are the main responsible for
the emergence of musculoskeletal problems in employees.
The physical, chemical and biological
risks also play a part in this reality, since Santos and Almeida (2016) point
out that woodworkers and carpenters are the two most exposed to wood particles,
mainly due to the machines they use, usually indoors and with inadequate
ventilation.
Still based on (C, 2016), some sectors of
the wood industry use solvents and other chemical compounds to ensure greater
resistance to microorganisms and greater durability. However, a number of
problems are unleashed with regard to human health, since cognitive,
neurological and emotional performance are compromised.
In relation to the biological risks,
(C, 2016) indicate that the wood may contain microorganisms, giving rise to the
toxic syndrome associated with organic dusts, which becomes even more
expressive throughout the wood processing, since these elements are circulated
via aerial.
The noise is classified as a physical
hazard, which according to Pepplow (2010) corresponds to an undesirable sound,
which is usually emitted by industrial machines, equipment or processes that
exposes the body of workers or visitors to unpleasant situations such as
irritation, nervousness and blood pressure, and when subjected for prolonged
time, damage may be irreversible. Following this idea, Braga et al. (2005) add
the individual factor, since for certain individuals, a specific sound can be
quite annoying, while others may admire or find it normal.
3. METHODOLOGY
The present research was developed in a carpentry
shop, located in the City of Pau dos Ferros / RN. This establishment has strong
characteristics of micro-enterprise, considering that it has only 02 employees,
who in turn work an average of 08 hours a day and do not have a fixed salary,
with salaries corresponding to 15% of the monthly production. Another aspect to be
highlighted is that this enterprise has a family value, since the establishment
has been operating for more than 22 years and has passed through other
generations.
Therefore, it is a case study, considering
that addressing a single establishment provides a broader and more detailed
study of the problems in the establishment. As for the methodologies
applied, the presence of qualitative and quantitative methods is noticed.
Initially, bibliographical studies were
carried out, where the historical evolution of this segment was discussed, as
well as the classification of occupational hazards and the main occupational
hazards present in carpentry and locksmithing activities. For that, the information
provided by (D, 2008), as well as articles published in periodicals,
dissertations and theses were consulted.Gil
(2008) affirms that the bibliographic study is developed from works already
finished, where commonly used books and articles scientists.
Subsequently,
noise measurements were performed, where the decibelimeter model DEC 490 was
used; Temperature and humidity, from the Thermo-hygrometer Model HT 4000; and
luminosity through the MLM 1011 model luxmeter. Based on these measurements, it
was possible to analyze the environmental conditions of work environments and
to determine if workers are being exposed to hazards. In addition to the
measurements, interviews were carried out with the person in charge of the
carpentry shop, as well as photographic records.
This
last stage, mainly characterizes the quantitative aspect of the research, due
to the environmental measurements, which are defined by (E, 2008) as being a
survey procedure. However, there is an exploratory analysis due to interviews.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
According to the measurements made, it is
verified that noise production is presented as one of the most aggravating
problems in the Carpentry where the study was conducted. In this sense, 994
measurements were taken and from these it was verified that the noise produced
in the environment had a minimum value of 92.1 dBA and a maximum of 102.5 dBA.
In addition, the mean of the measurements was 98.15 dBA and the most repeated
value was 98.4 dBA. To calculate the sound pressure level in the environment, as
reference it was followed the NR 15 and it was found that the noise produced
was intermittent with a value of 98.8 dBA. Figure 2 shows the graph generated
by the decibelmeter.
Figure 2: Graph of noise measurement
Comparing this value with the aspects of
NR 15, it is evident that the production of noise in the establishment is much
higher than allowed, since the maximum value allowed for an exposure of 8 hours
per day is 85 dBA. This is due to the fact that equipment routinely used in
this work environment presents an excessive noise level, either by the
characteristics of the machinery or by the methods executed to perform a
certain production task. Damage caused by exposure to noise, in this case, may
become irreversible, since the time exposed in relation to the observed level
are highly detrimental to the workers.
Regarding
damages, Mendes (2011) defines as reversible and irreversible: the first
classified as auditory fatigue, manifested by a temporary decrease in hearing
capacity, determined by hearing loss and the time it takes to return to initial
conditions; The second classified as deafness, which depends on the
characteristics of the noise that the individual is exposed, the time subject
to exposure and individual susceptibility. This effect can affect not only the
hearing aid, but also negatively influence communication, concentration, and
danger alerts, as well as decreasing the performance of the worker. Therefore,
in addition to the use of PPE, there is a necessity to adopt more rigorous
measures, such as distancing or enclosing machines and equipment.
Regarding pressure and temperature
measurements, Figure 3 shows the graph generated by the thermo-hygrometer.
Figure 3: Graphs for pressure and
temperature variations
According
to Figure 3, the environment temperature that the establishment presented was
approximately 32.4ºC, which according to NR 17 is not appropriate for the
activities developed, since the maximum allowed would be 23ºC. These
temperature values come from the location of this work environment that is located
in the northeast region of the country, where in the time of measurements it
was facing a drought and, on top of that, the temperature throughout its region
was above average. As a measure of combat, it would be necessary to implement a
cooling system, since the norm defines an ideal temperature lower than that
submitted by the workers, however this strategy would be improper due to the
characteristics of the activity in question, thus becoming a difficult factor
to be fixed. Relative humidity, on the other hand, presented values that were
in agreement, since according to the graph the average value is approximately
44% and the minimum value allowed is 40%.
Also in relation to the high temperature detected in
the studied environment, in addition to not having a cooling system, other
methodologies couldn’t be identified in order to alleviate this problem, such
as exhaust fans and coolers. In this case, it is noticeable that the thermal
comfort of the working environment is still merely being taken into account.
Referring to the detriments caused by exposition to
excessive heat and lac of appropriate ventilation, Saliba (2000) states that in
addition to causing discomfort in the performance of occupational activities,
the agents mentioned can also cause loss of productivity and damage to the
health of the worker, such as irritability, weakness and difficulty to keep
concentration.
Measurements regarding brightness were
made according to the distribution of the machines in the working environment.
In this sense, the establishment was divided into five segments to provide a
more detailed analysis. The obtained illuminance values are set forth in Table
2.
Table 2 – Illumination in the workplace
|
Machines |
Illumination in the environment |
Appropriate Values |
|
Planer |
109 lux |
500 -1000 lux |
|
Trencher saw |
125,5 lux |
500 -1000 lux |
|
Desengrosso |
1093,8 lux |
500 -1000 lux |
|
Band saw |
677,8 lux |
500 -1000 lux |
|
Cutting table |
167 lux |
500 -1000 lux |
Source: Research (2016) and NBR 5413/92
According to Table 2, all illuminance
values are not in conformity with what is foreseen in NBR 5413/92. In this
sense, it is perceived that this factor makes the working environment unhealthy
and increases the chances of accidents occurring. Regarding this, the NR 17 establishes:
in all workplaces there must be adequate, natural or artificial lighting,
general or supplementary, appropriate to the nature of the activity. Likewise NBR
5413/92 establishes that in environments where work related to machinery,
office and that require normal visual requirements are developed the illuminance
should be in the range of 500 to 1000 lux.
Thus, Gottardo (2013) states that in
addition to effects on the body, the lack of adequate lighting also compromises
productivity. As main effects can be cited: visual fatigue, discomfort,
headache, glare, reduced visual efficiency and mental accidents.
Another aspect analyzed was the
organization of the workplace, considering that this factor has great impacts
on the well-being and safety of the workers due to the lack of organization
being a propeller to increase the accident rates. In this way, Figure 4 shows
the environment where the activities are developed.
Figure 4 – Workplace
Based on Figure 4, there is a severe
disorder in relation to the accommodation of the wood, as well as the
accumulation of dust coming from the activities performed. These factors, in
addition to providing an increase in accidents, may generate the occurrence of
more risks, which can be environmental, ergonomic or accident hazards.
Thus, the best measures to be take would
be the disposal of solid wastes, as well as the adequate accommodation of the
wood. Another aspect that can be improved is the distribution of equipment
within the environment.
When analyzing the physical aspects, it is
possible to verify that the external environment presents a good natural light,
but the internal environment, even having artificial lighting, is very
deficient.
In addition to these risks, it was verified that the electrical
installations of the building in which the enterprise is established are
obsolete, there being no residual-current device (RCD) that
would be able to protect the worker against leakage currents. It was also
noticed that in most of the environment the wires were not protected by
conduits, especially in the surroundings of the engines of the machines.
Therefore, the studied location is a place of risk, because workers are
exposed in an unprotected environment and that can generate accidents related
to discharges of electric energy.
Knowing that the presence of wood and sawdust resides create a perfect
path for the propagation of fire, sawmills and carpentry places must have
firefighting systems sized to meet the requirements of NR 23.
On the other hand, no fire-fighting instrument, guidance or emergency
exits were identified in the study in order to protect workers in that
situation.
Regarding the use of PPE, it was verified
that this is a factor that is in disagreement with the NR 06, since according
to the responsible occurs the distribution of the equipment, however the workers
refuse to use them. Thus, NR 06 defines the rights and duties of the employer
and employees, and it is verified that it is the duty of the employer to
provide, enable and require the use of PPE and it is the employees'
responsibility to preserve and use the equipment.
5. CONCLUSION
According to the study carried out, it is
noticed that a series of aspects contribute to the establishment studied to
present insalubrious conditions. Among the points to be cited, the lighting, as
well as temperature and noise production are the most striking factors.
In this context, it has been found that
intermittent noise production is well above the allowable value for the daily
workload provided by employees, which in the long run can lead to serious
health problems for employees. The same is true for the temperature, which is
very high.
As far as lighting is concerned, it is
also a matter of concern since illuminance levels are far below the reference
values. Therefore, it is necessary to improve and expand the internal lighting
system.
Besides these aspects, the disorganization
is also a problematic present in this work environment, since the waste is not
properly discarded and the raw materials are heaped amid the debris and
equipment. Another aspect to be mentioned is the use of PPE, which does not
occur due to employees' refusal.
REFERENCES
ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS. NBR 5413: Iluminância de interiores.
Rio de Janeiro, 1992. p. 1-13.
BRAGA, B. et al. (2005) Introdução à Engenharia
Ambiental. 2 ed. São
Paulo: Prentice Hall.
BRUTTO, REICH,
ZAMBRANO, . Sawdust in
carpentry workshops in rural areas of developing countries. , n.
CAMPO, P.; ARANDA, A.;
RONDON, C.; DOÑA, I.; DIAZ-PERALES, A., et al. (2010) Work-related
sensitization and respiratory symptoms in carpentry apprentices exposed to wood
dust and diisocyanates. Ann Allergy
Asthma Immunol, n. 105, p. 24–30.
GIL, A. C. (2008). Como
elaborar projetos de pesquisa, 4
ed. São Paulo: Atlas. [E].
GOTTARDO, I. A. (2013) Verificação
dos Riscos Laborais nas Indústrias da de Santa Catarina. Monografia (Especialização em Engenharia de Segurança do
Trabalho). São Miguel do Oeste: UNOESC.
GRYTNES, R. (2017). A sense of security: Carpenter
apprentices handling uncertain and dangerous work tasks. Ethnos: Journal of Anthropology. doi:10.1080/00141844.2017.1282972.
HEGEDUS,
C. E. N. et al. (2011) O Uso de Dispositivos de Segurança Alternativos para
Reduzir Acidentes de Trabalho na Operação com Serras nas Indústrias
Madeireiras. Floresta e Ambiente, v.
18, n. 1, p.60-68. Available: http://www.floram.org/files/v18n1/v18n1a7.pdf.
Access: 12th December, 2016. DOI: 10.4322/floram.2011.023.
KOHAMMADI, Hamed Yar; SOHRABI, Younes;
POURSADEGHIYAN, Mohsen; ROSTAMI, Reza; TABAR, Adel Rahmani; ABDOLLAHZADEH,
Diyar and TABAR, Farshad Rahmani (2016). Comparing the Posture Assessments
Based on RULA and QEC Methods in a Carpentry Workshop. Research Journal of Medical Sciences,
n. 10, p. 80-83. DOI: 10.3923/rjmsci.2016.80.83
; ; ,
et al. (2005). Increasing colorectal cancer screening among individuals in
the carpentry trade: test of risk communication interventions. Prev Med, v. 40, p. 489–501.
MENDES, A. F. T. (2011) Ruído Ocupacional em Ambiente Industrial. Dissertação (Mestrado em
Engenharia de Segurança e higiene Ocupacionais). Porto: FEUP.
MINISTÉRIO DA FAZENDA (2009). Anuário Estatístico de Acidentes do Trabalho: AEAT 2015 /
Ministério da Fazenda ... [et al.]. vol. 1. Brasília: MF, 2015. 991 p.
MINISTÉRIO DO TRABALHO E EMPREGO - MTE. (2008). Anuário
estatístico de acidentes do trabalho: AEAT
2007, v. 1, p. 1-888.
NR (2009) Norma Regulamentadora Ministério
do Trabalho e Emprego. NR-6 -
Equipamento de Proteção Individual.
NR (2009) Norma Regulamentadora Ministério
do Trabalho e Emprego. NR-15 -
Atividades e Operações Insalubres.
NR (2009) Norma Regulamentadora Ministério
do Trabalho e Emprego. NR-17 - Ergonomia.
PEIXOTO, N. H.; FERREIRA, L. S. (2012) Higiene
Ocupacional I. p 92.
Available: http://estudio01.proj.ufsm.br/cadernos_seguranca/segunda_etapa/higiene_ocupacional_1.pdf.
Access: 12th December, 2016.
PEPPLOW, L. A. (2010) Segurança do Trabalho, 1 ed. Curitiba: Base.
RODRIGUES, L. B. et al. (2012) Verificação
de fundamentos da saúde e segurança no trabalho em marcenarias e serralharias. Scientia
Plena, v. 8, n. 1, p. 1-4.
SALIBA, Tuffi Messias (2000) Manual prático de avaliação e controle de calor: PPRA. São Paulo: LTr.
SANTOS J. L. G. et al (2012) Risco e vulnerabilidade nas
práticas dos profissionais de saúde. Revista
Gaúcha de Enfermagem, p. 1-11.
Available: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rgenf/v33n2/28.pdf. Access: 12th December, 2016.
SANTOS, M.; ALMEIDA, A. (2016). Principais
riscos e fatores de risco ocupacionais dos marceneiros e carpinteiros, bem como
doenças profissionais associadas e medidas de proteção recomendadas. Revista
Portuguesa de Saúde Ocupacional, v. 1, n. 1, p. 1-10.
Available: http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/19790. Access: 12th December, 2016.
SILVA, K. R. (1999) Análise
de fatores ergonômicos em marcenarias do município de Viçosa - MG.
Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciência Florestal). Viçosa: UFV.
SOUZA, T. M. DE. (2004) Prevenção dos Riscos Laborais nas Marcenarias e Carpintarias. Auditor-Fiscal do Trabalho da DRT/SC –
TEM. Available:
http://www.segurancaetrabalho.com.br/download/marcenarias-telmo.pdf. Access:
16th February, 2017.
TINOCO, J. E. L.; ARAÚJO, R. A. D. (2007) Ofício
do Carpinteiro. Available:
http://www.ct.ceci-br.org/ceci/pesquisa-ceci/estudos/oficios-tradicionais/serralheria-a-marcenaria.html.
Access: 12th December, 2016.